HomeMy WebLinkAboutRes 2012-04.1 Adopting Investment Policy and Investment StrategiesCity of West University Place
Harris County, Texas
RESOLUTION NO. 2012-04.1
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF WEST
UNIVERSITY PLACE, TEXAS, ADOPTING THE CITY OF WEST
UNIVERSITY PLACE'S INVESTMENT POLICY AND INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PUBLIC FUNDS INVESTMENT
ACT; DESIGNATING AN INVESTMENT OFFICER; AND PROVIDING FOR
THE EFFECTIVE DATE THEREOF.
BE R RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF WEST
UNIVERSITY PLACE, TEXAS:
Section I: That the City Council of th City of West University Place, Texas, has
reviewed the Citys Investment Policy and Investment Strategies and the policy and
strategies adopted in Section 2 hereof records any changes made by the City Councl
to either such document.
Section 2: That the City Council of the City of West University Place, Texas,
hereby adopts the Investment Policy, including the Investment Strategies, of the City of
West University Place, which is adached hereto as Exhibit 'A'and incorporated herein
for all intents and purposes.
Section 3: The City Council 01 the City of West Univendy Place, Texas, hereby
designates those individuals named in Exhibit A of Me Investment Policy as Me
investment officials of the City vino are responsible for the Investment of the Citys funds
consistent with the Investment Policy adopted pursuant to Section 2 of this resolution.
Becton 4: This resolution shall take effect immediately from and after its passage
by the City Council of to City of West University Place.
,Ats1 Ury/yf INTRODUCED, READ antl PASSED, by Me adsmative vote of the City Council of
ne 9 o st Ur varsity Placethlsthe 11'h day of June, 2012.
A /
hxa +, CILE
Thelma Len; City Secretary ob Fry, May
APPROVED AS TO FORM: RECOMMENDED BV'
Alan Petrov, CIry Attorney Michael Fogy, City Manager
Exhibit "A"
CITY OF WEST UNIVERSITY
PLACE, TEXAS
INVESTMENT POLICY
Exhibit "N'
City of West University Place
Investment Policy
Table of Contents
I. Policy
II. Purpose
III. Scope
IV. General Objectives
A. Safety
B. Liquidity
C. Public Trust
D. Yield
V. Standards of Cue
A. Pruden
B. Ethics and Conflicts of Interest
C. Delegation of AUlhonry
D. Training
E. Interval Controls
VI. Safekeeping and Custody
A. Authorized Financial Dealers and Institutions
B. Competitive Bids
C. Delivery vs. Payment
VB. Suitable and Authorized Investments
A. Eligible Investments
B. Collueralization
C. Existing Investments
VBL Investment Parameters
A. Diversification
B. MatinnurnMaturritics
IX. Investment Strategies
X. Reporting
A. Methods
B. Performance Standards
C. Marking to Market
l:8:3YIF
A- AlrthoriZN Investment Officials 9
B - Statemem of Ethics and Conflicts of Interest t0
C- Approved BrokenDeders, Financial Institutions and Investment Pools 11
D - Certification by Business Orgardzation 12
E- Investment Strategy 13
City of West University Place
I. Policy
It is the policy of the City of West University Place (the "City ") to administer and
invest its funds in a manner that will preserve the principal and maintain the liquidity
while meeting the daily crib flaw requirements of the City. The City will coMbrm to
all federal, state and local statutes, rates and regulations governing the investment of
the City's foods.
The City's policy is to hold lavestmers to maturity; however. securities may be sold
in order to minimize the potential loss of principal on a wearily whose credit quality
has declined; in swap ono another security which would improve the quality, yield or
target duration of the ponfolio; or to meet unanticipated liquidity needs of the
portfolio.
Nut Ims thau unitedly, City Council diell adopt a "Id en insnunnut by rdsolutioa
stating that it has reviewed the Investment Policy and investment strategies and dim
the written instrument so adopted shill rceord any charges made to the Investment
Policy or Investment strategies.
It. Purpose
The purpose of this policy is to Comply with Chapter 2256 of the Texas Government
Code ( "Public Foods Investment Act "), which requires each entity to adopt a women
investment policy regarding the investment of its foods and funds under its control.
The investment policy addresses the methods, procedures and practices that must be
exercised an ensure effective and judicious fiscal management of the entity's funds.
III. Scope
This investment policy applies an all financial assets of the City. These fonds are
accounted for in the Chys Comprehensive Annual Financial Report and include all
financial assets of all funds managed by the City, including but not limited to mss
revenues, charges for services, bond proceeds, interest income, loans and funds
received by the City where rbe City performs a tutorial friction. However, this
policy does not apply to the assets administered for the benefit of the City by outside
agencies under deferred compensation programs or other retirement programs.
The City will consolidate cash balances from all funds to amounted investment
earnings, (except as otherwise required by covenmts in bond ordinances, credit
agreements as defined in V.T.G.A., Government Code $ 1391.001 or other applicable
regulaions). Investment income will be allocated to the various funds based on their
respective participation and in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles.
City of West University Place
Investment Policy
IV. General Objective
The primary objectives, In priority order, of the City's investment activities shall be
safety, liquidity, and yield:
A. Safety- Safety of the principal is the retention objective of the investment
program. Investments shall be undertaken in a matmer that seeks to
ensure the prerervafion of capital In the overall portfolio. The objective
will be to minimize credit risk and interest rate risk
i. Credit Risk and Concentration of Credit Risk - The City will
minimize credit risk, the risk of loss doe to the failure of the
security Issuer or backer, and concentration of credit risk, the risk
of loss attributed to the magnitude of investment in a single issuer,
by:
Limiting invca[monts to to safest typos of securities,
• Pre qualifying the financial institutions, broker/dealers,
intermediaries, and advisers with which the City will do
business, and:
• Diversifying the investment portfolio so that potential losses on
individual sec omie will be minimized.
ii. Interest Rate Risk -The City will manage the risk that the market
value of securities in the portfolio will fail due to changes in
general invest rates, by
• Structuring Ne investment portfolio so that securities mature to
meet cash requirements for ongoing operations, thereby
voiding Ne need in sell securities on the open market prior to
maturity,
• Investing operating funds primarily In shorter term seconder,
money market mutant funds, or similar investment pools, and;
• Diversify maturities and stagger purchase dates to minimize the
impact of market movements over time.
B. Liquidity - The investment portfolio shall remain sufficiently liquid to
meet all operating requirements that may be reasonably anticipated. This
is accomplished by structuring the portfolio so that securities mature
canicamerat with cash needs to meet anticipated demands. Furthermore,
since all possible cash demand cannot be anticipated, a portion of the
portfolio will be invested in money market mutual funds or local
government investment ports that offer same -day liquidity for shomesio r
funds. Additionally, a portion of the portfolio will consist of securities
with active secondary or resale markets.
C. Public Trust -Ail participants in the City's investment process shall seek
to act responsibly as custodians of the public trust. Investment officers
City of West University Place
shall avoid any transaction that might impair public confidence in the
City's ability to govern effectively.
Yield— The investment portfolio shall be designed with the objective of
attaining a market rate of return throughout budgetary and economic
cycles, taking into account the nvestmet risk maintains and liquidity
needs. Return on investment is of secondary Importance compared to the
safety and liquidity objectives described above. The core of investments
is limited to relatively low risk securities in anticipation of coming a fah
retain relative in the risk being assumed. Securities shall not be sold prior
in maturity with the following exceptions:
• A security with declining credit maybe sold early as minimize loss of
principal
• Liquidity needs of the portfolio require that the security be sold
V. Standards of Care
A. Prudence - The standard of prudence to be used by investing officials
shall be the "prudent inverter" mile. This mle states that "Investments
shall be made with judgment and care, under circumstances then
prevailing, which persons of prudence, discretion and intelligence exercise
in the management of their own affairs, not for speculation, but for
vestment, considering the probable safety of their capital as well as the
probable income m be derived." The determination of whether an
vesting official has exercised prudence with aspect to an investment
decision shall be applied in the context of managing an overall portfolio
rather than a consideration as in the prudence of a single investment.
Investment offices acting in accordance with written procedures and the
vestment policy and exercising sing due diligence shall be relieved of
n
personal responsibility for a individual security's alit risk or market
price changes, provided drat deviations born expectations are reported in a
timely fashion and appropriate action is liken to control unfavorable
developments.
B. Ethics and Conflicts of Interest - Officers and employees involved in
the admonition process shall refrain from personal business activity that
could conflict with proper execution and management of the investment
program, in that could impair their ability to make impartial investment
decisions. Employees and investment officials shall disclose to the City
any material interests in financial institutions that conduct business with
the City. They shall fudher disclose any personal financiahinvestment
positions that could be related to the performance of the investment
portfolio. (See F*b.bit B.)
City of West University Place
Furthermore, an investment official who has a personal business
relationsbip with an organization seeking to sell an investment to the City
shall file a statement disclosing that personal business interest. An
vestment official who is related within me second degree by affinity or
comanguiuity to an individual seeking to sell an investment to the City
shall rile a statement disclosing bat relationship. A statement required
under this subsection most be filed with me Texas Pbics Commission and
be City Council.
C. Delegation of Authority - Authority to manage the City's investment
program is granted to the Finance Director, hereinafter referred to as
vestment officer, and derived from the following: City Chimer Article
VII, section 9.01c. Responsibility for the operation of Na investment
program is bereby delegated to the investment officer, who shall act in
accordance with established procedures and internal controls for the
operation of Ne investment program consistent with Nis investment
policy. This policy includes explicit delegation of aubority to persons
responsible for investment mareactions. (See Exhibit A) No person may
engage in an investment transaction except as provided under the terms of
this policy and the procedures established by die investment officer. The
vestment officer shall be responsible for all transactions undertaken and
shall estableb a system of controls to regulate activities of subordinate
officials.
D. Training - Investment officials most complete at least 10 hours of
investment training widim 12 months of taking office or assuming duties,
and shall attend an investment running session not less than once in a two
year period and receive not less Nan 10 hours of instruction relating to
vestment responsibilities The City shall provide be training through
courses and seminars offered by professional organizations and
associations m order to insure the quality and capability of the City's
vestment perwrmel making investment decisions in compliance with
Public Funds Investment Act (PFIA). Professional organizations and
associations bat may provide investment training included the
Government Treasurer's Organization of Texas, be University of North
Texas, the Government Finance Officers Association of Texas, or the
Texas Mumcipni league.
F. Intermit Controls - The Finance Director is responsible for establishing
and maintaining an internal control structure designed to ensure that the
assets of the entity are protected from loss TOO, or misuse. The nitemel
control structure shall be designed to provide reasonable assurance bat
these objectives are met. The concept of reasonable assurance recognizes
Nat (a) the cost of a control should not exceed the benefits likely to be
derived and (b) the valuation of casts and benefits requires estimates and
judgments by management. Therefore, be Finance Director shall
City of West University Place
Investment Policy
estalisb a process for =us[ independent review by an external auditor to
assure compliance with policies and procedures.
W. Safekeeping and Custody
A. Authorized Financial Dealers and Institutions The investment officer
will monsoon a list of formation institutions and security broker /dealers
authorized to provide investment services (Exhibit C) as the City. This list
shall be reviewed, revised as necessary and adopted at least aanus lly. No
public deposit shall be made except in a qualified public depository as
established by smte laws.
Those firms this request to become qualified bidders for securities
transactions will be required to provide 1) a completed broker/dealer
questionnaire (Exhibit D) Nat provides information regarding
creditworthiness, experience and reputation, and 2) a certification stating
the firm has received, read and understood the Entity's investment policy
and agree to comply with de, policy. Authorized firms may include primary
dealers or regional dealers that quality under Securities & Exchange
Commission Rule 1503 -1 (Uniform Net Capital Rule), and qualified
depositories. All investment providers, including financial institutions,
banks, money marker mutual funds, and local government investment pads,
must sign a certification acknowledging that the organrzation has received
and reviewed the Entity's investment policy and that reasonable procedures
and comrols have been implemented m preclude Investment transactions
that are not authmiced by the Entity's policy.
B. Competitive Bids -The City's policy requires competitive bidding for all
individual security purdmses and sales except for a) transactions with
money market mumA funds and local government investment pools and b)
treasury and agency securities purchased at issue through an approved
broker/dealer or financial institution.
C, Delivery vs. Payment -Ail trades with rise exception of investment pools
and mutual funds will be executed by delivery vs. payment (DVP) to
create that securities are deposited in on eligible financial institution poor
in the release of funds. Securities and collateral will he held in the City's
me by a third party custodian re evidenced by safekeeping receipts of
the institution with which the securities are deposited.
VIL Suitable and Authorized Investments;
A. Eligible Investments - Assets of the City may be invested in the
following instruments deserted below. All of these investments are
authorized by the Public Foods Investment Ad. Only those instruments
listed in this section are authorized.
City of West University Place
1. Obligations of the United States of America, its agencies and
instrumentalities
2. Certificates of Deposit issued by a depository institution that his its
main office or a branch in Texas. The cenificale of deposit must be
guaranteed or insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or
its successor or the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund or its
successor and sawed by obligations in a mainver and amount as
provided by law. In addition, cmificates of deposit obtained through a
depository institution which are fully collateralized under a pledge
agreement approved by the City are authorized investments.
3. No-load Money Market Mutual Funds that 1) are registered and
regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, 2) have a
dollar weighted average stated maturity of W days or less, 3) seek to
maintain a net asset value of $1.00 per share and 4) are rated no Iowa
than AAA or an equivalent rating by at least one nationally recognized
rating service.
4. kucal Government Investment Pools, authorized by a separate
resolution, which mcet the requirements of Chapter 2256.016 of the
Public Funds Investment Act and are rated no lower than AAA or an
equivalent rating by at least one nationally recognized razing service.
B. CollamandieaUOn — Collateralization will be required on all funds on
deposit with a depository bank, other than investments. In order to
anticipate market changes and provide a level of security for all funds, the
collatervlization level will be one hundred two percent (102 %) of market
value of principal and accused rams[ on the deposits, less an amount
insured by the FDIC.
Securities pledged as collateral will be held in the City's name by an
Independent third party with whom the City has a current custodial
agreement. The Finance Director is responsible for entering into
collatemlization agreements with third party custodians in complianne
with this Policy. The agreements are to specify the acceptable investment
securities for collateral, including provisions relation to posswomn fthe
collateral, the substitution or release of investment securities, ownership of
securities, and the teethed of valuation of securities. A clearly marked
evidence of ownership (safekeeping receipt) must be supplied to the City
and retained. Collateral shall be reviewed at least quarterly to assure that
the market value of the pledged securities is adequate.
C, Existing Investments— Any investment currently held that does not meet
the guidelines of this policy, but wend authorized investments a the time
of purchase, is not required to be liquidated; however, me City and take
City of West University Place
all prudent measures consistent with this Investment Policy to liquidate an
investment that does not or no longer qualities as an authorized
investment
Vlll. Investment Parameters
A. Diversification - The investments shall be diversified by security type
and institution. With the exception of U.S. Treasury securities and
authorized Poole, the City will diversify the entire portfolio to comply with
the investment strategy; however, in no case shall arty single investment
trmrsaction be more than five Percent (5%) of she entire portfolio.
B. Maximum Maturities - To the extent possible, the City shall attempt to
match its investments with anticipated rash flow requirements. Unless
Interlard to a specific cash Dow, the City will not directly invest in
securities maturing more than tivee (3) years from the date of purchase
The composite portfolio will base a weighted average maturity of 365
days or less. This dollar weighted average maturity will be calculated
using the stated final maturity dates of each security.
IX. Investment Strategies
The City maintains separate portfolios for individual funds or groups of funds
that are managed according to the terms of this Policy and the corresponding
vestment strategies listed in Exhibit E The investment strategy for
portfolios established after the annual Investment Policy review and adoption
will be managed m accordance with the terms of this Policy and applicable
agreements until the next annual review when a specific strategy will be
adopted.
The City maintains a pooled fund group that is an aggregation of the majority
of City funds including lax receipts. enterprise fund revenues, fine and fee
as well as some, but not all, bond proceeds, and grants. This
portfolio s maintained to meet anticipated daily cash needs for City
operations, capital projects and debt service In order to ensure she ability of
the City to meet obligations and to minimize potential liquidation losses, the
dollar weighted average stated maturity of the investment portfolio slmll not
exceed one (1) year. The objectives of this portfolio are an ensure safety of
principal; ensure adequate investment liquidity; limit market and credit risk
through diversification; and atm'ur the best feasible yield in accordance with
the objectives and restrictions set for m this Policy.
City of West University Place
K Reporting
A. Methods - The investment officer shall prepare an investment report at
least quarterly, including s management summary that provides an
analysis of the slams of the current investment portfolio and transactions
made over the last quarter. This management summary will be imposed
in a manner consistent with the requirements of Section 2256.023 (Internal
Management Reports) of the PPIA, and thaz will allow the City to
i suarism whether investment activities during the reporting period have
conionued to by investment policy. The repair should be provided to the
City Council.
An independent auditor shall formally review the quarterly reports
prepared under this section at least aunually, and that auditor shall report
me results of me review to City Council.
B. Performance Standards - The investment portfolio shall be managed in
accordance with the objectives specified in this policy (safety, liquidity,
and yield). The portfolio should obtain a market average raze of return
during a markecleconomlc environment of stable interest razes. The
investment officer shall determine whether market yields are being
achieved by comparing the portfolio market yield m the three (3) month
U.S. Treasury Bill, me six (6) month U.S. Treasury Bill and the two (2)
year U.S. Treasury Note.
C. Marking to Market - The market value of me portfolio shall be
calculated at least monthly said a statement of the market value of the
pmUolio shall be issued at least quarterly. The market value of each
vestment shall be obtained from s source such as the Wail Street
loumal, a reputable brokerage firm or security pricing service and
reported on the investment reforms.
City of West Universty Place
EX11113IT A
City of West University Place
Authorized Investment Officials
Rhonda Daugherty. CPA, Finance Director
Reuea Dobbs, Treasurer
LaToya Jasper, Contraler
City of West University Place
EXHIBIT B
City of West University Place
Statement of Ethics and Conflicts of Interest
investment officials for the City of West University Place shall refrain from personal business
relationships with business organizations that could conflict with the proper execution of me
vestment progress, or which could impair der ability to make partial investment decisions.
This would only apply to personal business relationships with business organizations that have
been approved by City Council to conduct investment bargaining with me City of West
University Place.
M Investment official is considered to have a personal business relationship with a
business organization if.
(D The investment official owns 10 present or more of the voting stock or shares of
the buguws organization or owns $5,000 or more of the fair market value of me
business.
(2) Funds received by the investment official from me business organization exceed
10 penem of Me investment official's gross income for the previous year
(5) The Invesuneut official has acquired rrom the business orgavi cation during the
previous year investments with a hook value of $2,500 or more for the personal
account of me investment official.
I do hereby certify that 1 do not have a personal business relationship with any business
organization approved to conduct investment transactions with the City of Wes University Place,
nor m I related wahm the second degree by affinity or consanguinity, as deminamed eager
Chapter Spa, to an individual seeking to sell an investment to the City of West University Place
as of Pre Mine of this samment.
City of Wes University Place
Investment Officials
Rhonda Daughmy, CPA, Finance Director Date
Renew Dobbs, Treasurer Daze
IaToy t Jasper, Controller Date
10
City of West University Place
EXBBIT C
City of West University Place
Approved BrokerMealers, Financial Institutions and Investment Pools
Broker Dealers
Coastal Securities
First SouNwest Company
Public Depositories
/P Morgan CAme, NA (Primary)
Investment Pools
TexPoal
City of West University Place
EXHIBIT D
City of West University Place
Certification by Busiu ®s Organization
!date)
City of West University Place, Texas
(Alm' Designed investment dial)
38W University Blvd.
West University Place , TX 79W5
Dowar Mds.(Invemment official):
This certificazion is executed on behalf of the City of West University Place, Texas (the Investor)
and (the Business Organization),
pursuam to the Public Funds Investment Act Chapter 2256, Texas Grvemment Code, (the Act)
in connection with investment transactions conducted between the Investor and Business
Ofganization.
The undersigned Registered Principal of the Business Organization hereby certifies on behalf of
the Business Organization that
I. The undereigoed is a Registered principal of the Business Organization offering to enter an
vestment transaction with the Investor (Nam: as such terms are used in the Public Funds
Investment Act, chapter 2256. Texas Local Government Code) and:
2. The Registered Principal of the Business Organization has received and reviewed the
Investment Policy fhrnlshM by the investor and;
3. The Registered principal of the Business Organization has implemented re srnable
procedures and controls in an effort to preclude investment transactions conducted between
the Business Organization and the Investor that are not authorized by the Investor's
vestment policy, except to the anent that this authonzation Is dependent on an analysis of
the makeup of the investor's entire portfolio or requires and interpretation of the subjective
investment standards.
Registered Principal Broker Assigned to Be Account
Tide
12
City of West University Place
EXHIBIT E
INVESTMENT STRATEGY
The City of West University's investment portfolio will be designed and managed to
ensure that it will meet all fie requirements established by the City of West University's
investment policy and the Public Prods Investment Act The overall investment strategy
outlined in the investment policy, has been further refined in this mvestmwt strategy
statement by the following fwd types.
Operating Funds:
Operating Funds generally have greater cash Flow needs than other funds types.
The operating fund portfolio may consist of any approved investment type with
the understanding that the financial requirements of the operating funds will
dictate the maturity, dates of the investment At union impottance is the
preservation and safety of the investmwt principal.
Additionally each investment will be viewed for its liquidity and marketability of
the mvestmwt if the need arises to liquidate the investment before maturity. The
final determining factors for the wvestment strategy will be the diversification of
the investment portfolio and the yield of the investment
To achieve short unin needs of one (1) to we hundred and eighty (180) days,
finds will be invested in approved inveaunent pools. For longer term needs of six
(6) months to five (5) years, foods will he invested in approved investments with
objectives prioritized as follows:
t) understanding the suitability of the investment to the fnnocial
requirements of the City of West University Place;
2) preservation and safety of principal;
3) liquidity;
4) inalienability of the investment if the need arises to liquidate the
investment before maturity;
5) diversification of the investment portfolio; and
6) yield.
City of West University Place
INVESTMENT STRATEGY (Con6amD
Debt Service Funds:
The debt service requirements we usually se annual, thus allowing the
vesumit strategy to mirror debt obligation payment dates. The strategy for
debt service funds allows greater Flexibility since the actual requirements are
known into the future. lvvatments will still meet the adopted policies: however,
planning maturity dates to match debt requirement daces will be the primary
objective.
The investment mountains will be primarily m approved investment types with
maturities at six or twelve months established to match debt requirement dates.
Shorvr -tetra investment may be used to meet these objectives and longer -semi
vestments may be used when fund balance reserves exceed one year's debt
service reqummits.
To achieve this strategy the following objectives are pnionitized to evaluate
investment opportunities:
1) understanding the suitability of the investment to rite finendid
requirements of the City of West University Place;
2) preservation and safety of principal;
3) yield;
4) marketability of the investroent if the need anises to liquidate the
investment before maturity;
5) diversification of the investment portfolio; and
6) liquidity.
14
City of West University Place
Investment Policy
INVESTMENT STRATEGY (Continued)
Capital Improvement Funds:
Bond proceeds can be invested over the life of the project; however, the exact
disbursement of the funds is not always known. The investment objective of the
capital hnpmvement funds is to schedule maturities to maximize investment
earnings while preserving principle. The key to an effective strategy is to be
aware of the project needs and match maturities to the period funds me needed.
The investment objective for capital projects funds is still to match investment
maturities with funding needs. As short -term needs are recognized investment
maturities will be moved into approved investment pools to meet financial
requirements. Longer -term needs will be invested with the following objectives
as prioritized for capital improvement funds:
1) understanding the suitability of the Investment to the finaradal
requirements of the City of West University Place;
2) preservation and safety of principal;
3) diversification of the investment portfolio;
4) yield;
5) liquidity; and
6) marketability of the investment if the need arises to liquidate the
investment before maturity.
IS
City of West University Place
[HYESTbIENT STRATEGY (Continued)
Reserve Funds:
Certain reserve funds have been esudi ished as required by bond covenants. The
vestment objective is to invest reserve funds to the extent that maturities are
established to the limit of the investment policy or to the end of the bond
requirements whichever is shorter.
The overall investment strategy for reserve funds will not rely on investment
pools; however, the use of pools is not prohibited. Longer -term investment
objectives are prioritaN as follows:
1) understanding the suitability of the investment to the financial
requirements of the City of West University Place;
2) diversification of the investment portfolio;
3) preservation and safety of principal;
4) yield;
5) liquidity and
b) marketability, of the investment if the need arises to liquidate the
investment before minority.