HomeMy WebLinkAbout07092008 BSC Agenda Item 3
Key Provision Current Proposed
• Protected trees During construction: 6-in.+ 4-in.+ (Class I or II
Trees for which a permit is required for Other times---
removal or damage ---in/near street 6-in.+
---elsewhere: 12-in.+
• Trees allowed to be removed --Diseased, damaged, dead --Diseased, damaged, dead
Categories of trees which may be --Hazardous --Hazardous
removed or damaged (but only if --Low-value (Class IV) --Low-value (Class IV)
authorized by permit) --Unreasonably impeding use or structure --Unreasonably impeding use or structure
--Any tree, if minimum canopy standard
met
--Suppressed trees ?
• Heritage trees (No special provision) BSC approval required in/near street or
Class 1 or 11 trees, 26-in.+, health rear and (Higher justification needed?
• Trees that must be replaced All, except "Low Value", hazardous, All, unless minimum canopy standard m
Trees which must be replaced, if diseased, damaged, dead
removed or damaged
• Replacement calculation Inch-for-inch, by diameter, but--- Canopy-for-canopy (sq.ft.) up to minimum
Number/size of trees required to be ---sometimes reduced by tree canopy standard
planted to replace trees removed or evaluations
damaged ---possibly reduced if high-value trees Exception: Stem-for-stem to replace
(6-in.+) will remain hazardous, diseased, damaged, dead,or
suppressed
84WO ►re (up to minimum canopy
standard)
• Replacement location i s': On the site or in adjacent street area 1`~n toe site or in adjacent street area
Where replacement trees must be 2nd: In reasonable proximity to site 2nd: In street area within 1,000 feet
planted, listed in order of preference 3rd: Through tree trust (in reasonable 3rd: Near street within 1,000 feet
proximity to site, within City limits) 4th: Through tree trust (prefer City fund)
• Replacement size, species ---2-in, (sometimes 4-in.) ---4-in.(but 2-in. if replacing
Minimum size and species of ---Class I or 11 mostly hazardous,diseased, damaged,
replacement trees dead, suppressed)
---Class I or II
• Permit types Two types--- One type only("tree permit')
Basic types of permits that can ---building permit with "tree
authorize tree removal or damage disposition" conditions
(y 1 1tw(rit tzskrvrv~& ?(MR&A~ ---"tree permit'
• Tree evaluations 10 categories, 40 possible points Abolished (Class I or II trees that have
How trees are evaluated (the score is less than 25% canopy dieback count
used in the calculation for replacement toward min. canopy standard)
trees
• Minimum planting standard ---2 to 7 trees (depending on bldg site Must meet minimum canopy standard.
Minimum tree requirement for each site size) Alternative with BSC approval.
(triggered by major development) ---Size 2-in.+ ---OnE~b'gr 1,500 sq. ft. of site area
---Class I or II (except pre-existing trees) ---Size 6-in.+
---Class I or II
• Diversification of the Urban Forest (Not addressed) Requires diversification by genus
• Planting trees in street areas Allowed Strongly emphasized and in some cases
required
• Removing trees in street areas (No special provision) BSC approval required (4-in.+ Class I or
II (Higher justification needed?)
Number of Trees Code Diameter Range
39299 1 011-5.9911
29712 2 611- 11.99"
29239 3 12" - 17.99"
19546 4 18" - 23.99"
842 5 24" - 29.99"
366 6 30" - 35.99"
81 7 36" - 41.99"
41 8 4211+
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Houston's Regional Forest - E4Wtive Summary • Page 1 of 2
HOUSTON'S REGIONAL FOREST
THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN TREES
Executive Summary
From the region's pine forests and bottomland hardwoods to
the street and yard trees that grace our neighborhoods, each E`
tree in the eight-county region surrounding the city of Houston €
is an integral part of the region's tree cover. Houston's Regional £ ;
Forest: Structure Functions Values represents the latest effort to
quantify the green infrastructure of the region and is the first
report of its kind in Texas. Local leaders can use this new
information to help craft effective programs and policies that
will sustain tree cover in the region for generations to come. A
sample of the findings is included here:
Major Findings & Conclusions
Houston's regional forest provides impressive value to its citizens:
• The replacement cost of the region's 663 million trees is valued at over $205 billion.
• Trees store $721 million worth of carbon.
• Trees generate $456 million worth of environmental benefits annually - amounting to $109
per person per year.
• Trees save $131 million in residential energy costs and avoided power plant emissions
each year - almost $90 per household.
• Houston's trees remove over 60,000 tons of air pollution per year.
Large trees and urban trees have greater roles in producing forest benefits:
• Most trees are small. Only 30 percent of the region's trees are five inches in diameter or
greater, but they generate over 60 percent of total environmental benefits.
• Large trees are particularly valuable. Very large trees - 20 inches diameter or greater -
contribute 90 percent of the $205 billion replacement value of the regional forest.
• Urban trees work harder. The average urban tree stores 75% more carbon and has a 76%
higher replacement value than the average rural tree.
Land use change and invasive tree species pose significant threats to the future extent and
composition of the regional forest:
• Land cover in 2000 consisted of roughly one-half Agriculture/Range, one-quarter Forest,
and one-quarter Urban.
• Between 1992 and 2000, Forest cover classes declined by 17 percent - a decrease of 486
square miles - resulting in a net loss of over 78 million trees.
• Chinese tallow is now the single most common tree species in the region, at 23 percent of
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/PageO 1 7/1/2008
• Houston's Regional Forest - F.otive Summary i Page 2 of 2
all trees.
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Table of Contents Next Page
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/PageOl 7/1/2008
Houston's Regional Forest - 0 Population Characteristics + Page 1 of 2
HOUSTON'S REGIONAL FOREST
THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN TREES
Tree Population Characteristics
The total population of trees in the Houston area in 2002 is estimated to be 663 million trees or
roughly 135 trees per person. Most (71 percent) are located in Forest areas. However, Urban
areas contribute an important 84 million trees, roughly 13 percent of the region's tree
population.
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Chinese tallow (23 percent of all trees) and loblolly pine (19 percent) are the two most common
tree species. Oak species account for 15 percent, these three representing fully 56 percent of the
region's trees.
Size
Tree size provides important information on the structure, functions and values of the region's
forest. Trees 5 inches or larger in diameter account for an estimated 191 million trees, with
smaller trees accounting for the remaining 472 million. However, in terms of tree "volume" or
"mass", the larger trees actually account for 85 percent of the forest. It is this relatively larger
size that produces greater benefits.
Leaf area and leaf biomass are measures used to calculate a trees functions and values. Leaf
surfaces slow rainwater runoff, remove pollutants from the air, and provide shade and cooling
effects. Large trees do a better job. A single large tree may be the equivalent of 1, - °dred of
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Houston's Regional Forest - 10 Population Characteristics • Page 2 of 2
seedlings or saplings.
Native and Non-Native Trees
Species native to the Houston region make up the majority of trees (76 percent). Besides the
oaks and pines, other common native trees include cedar elm, sweetgum, sugarberry,
American elm, baldcypress, and green ash. Native trees are adapted to the region's climate,
geography and ecosystems, and generally require less maintenance, water, and artificial
fertilizes. They are also critical components of native ecosystems that provide habitat and food
for birds, butterflies, and mammals. Non-native trees, such as Chinese tallow, are a significant
component of the region's tree population. Other trees that have been introduced into the area
include Chinese elm, camphor-tree, crape myrtle, chinaberry and silver maple. Most of these
species remain where they are planted, but some non-natives become invasive, overtaking
disturbed areas such as abandoned agricultural and urban lands, coastal prairies, and forests,
crowding out native plants.
Urban and Rural Trees
Different land cover types contain different tree populations. This study found that urban land
cover types contained 84 million trees, compared to 579 million in rural areas. However, urban
trees provide a greater contribution to key benefits such as carbon storage (20 percent) and
replacement value (20 percent).
In urban and urbanizing areas, trees are often cleared from development sites to provide easier
access and space for buildings and paved surfaces. Trees and other vegetation that are planted
following construction are usually fewer in number and smaller that the trees they replace.
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21 0.3% 7930fo 101-0%
Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page
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Houston's Regional Forest - F•t Functions and Values i Page 1 of 3
HOUSTON'S REGIONAL FOREST
THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN TREES
Forest Functions and Values
Trees and forests provide community, economic, and ecosystem values that are well
documented in research literatures. The UFORE analysis in this study calculated the extent
and value of three major tree and forest benefits: pollution removal, carbon storage and
sequestration, and energy savings. The study also calculated the value of trees for what they are,
not just what they do. This replacement value corresponds to the estimated worth of each tree as
it exists in the landscape.
Pollution Removal
Poor air quality can impair human health, damage crops and other vegetation, and reduce
visibility. The Houston region is legally mandated to meet federal air quality standards.
Houston's regional forest helps improve air quality by reducing air temperatures, directly
removing pollutants from the air, and reducing building energy use and consequent pollutants
from power plants. The UFORE model calculates that Houston's regional forest annually
removes 60,575 tons of criteria air pollutants (as designated in the Clean Air Act). This is an
annual economic value of nearly $300 million.
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Carbon Storage and Sequestration
Trees play an important role in the carbon cycle and associated climate variability. They
moderate the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through the process of
photosynthesis. Carbon locked up in trees year after years is referred to as carbon storage. As
trees grow, they sequester additional carbon. The UFORE model estimates that Houston's
regional forest stores 39.2 million tons of carbon, valued at $721 million. The regional forest
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/Page06 7/1/2008
Houston's Regional Forest - F*t Functions and Values • Page 2 of 3
sequesters and additional 1.6 million tons annually, valued at $29 million per year.
Energy Savings
Trees after energy use by providing shade, by the evaporative cooling
effect of their leaves, and by blocking winter winds. Trees are particularly
benefits in areas like Houston that relay on air conditioning through
much of the year. In this study, trees located within 60 feet of one- and
two-story residential buildings were evaluated to calculate energy
savings. The estimated total value of cooling energy saved is $112 million
per year. Energy savings for these homes, plus the value of avoided
carbon emissions, total $131 million per year.
Replacement Value
Trees have an intrinsic value that can be measured in dollars based on
their presence and contribution to the landscape setting. This replacement
value is calculated using procedures set forth by the Council of Tree and
Landscape Appraisers. This method can be used to determine monetary
settlements for damage or death of plants through litigation, insurance
claims, loss of property value for income tax deductions, and real estate
assessments. Values derived from these procedures estimate the amount
of money a tree owner should be compensated for the loss of a particular tree. The UFORE
model estimates a total replacement value of $205.8 billion for Houston's regional forest.
Summary of Values
Houston's regional forest has a total estimated structural value of $206.5 billion. Structural
value combines replacement values of trees and carbon storage values. It represents the total
value of trees as they stand.
But because trees live and grow each year, the region's forest provides annual functional values,
such as air pollution removal, carbon sequestration, and energy savings. Function values total
an additional $456 million per year.
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/Page06 7/1/2008
Houston's Regional Forest - F&t Functions and Values • Page 3 of 3
_1'~taf
Shctural Value M~5 billion
Total Annual
Functional Value $11 Million
Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/Page06 7/1/2008
Houston's Regional Forest - 'Tuts to the Region's Forest • Page 1 of 3
HOUSTON'S REGIONAL FOREST
THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN TREES
Threats to the Region's Forest
Forests and trees are faced with many factors that can adversely affect tree populations and
their associated values to people, the economy, and ecosystems. These threats include extreme
weather events, wildfire, insect pests, and land cover changes.
Pests
Because the region's forests are dominated by certain tree species, the structural and functional
values of the forest are at risk from pests that target these potential hosts. The total value of
losses sustained during a serious outbreak of any one of these pests could be in the billions of
dollars.
f.
sn~rza}riklt~:~>Invasive Tree Species
The movement of trees and plants across the globe for horticultural and agricultural purposes
as dramatically affected ecosystems in the southern U.S. Some plants were chose for their
aesthetic qualities or to perform some particular function while others are "stowaways" that
arrived in shipments of other plants or animals. Chinese tallow was introduced in Texas in the
early 1900s as a potential agricultural source of seed oil to make soap. However, it quickly
escaped cultivation. It appears highly adapted to areas disturbed by human activitiy including
agriculture, forestry and land development. Once established, Chinese tallow tends to
dominate areas by outcompeting native plants. In this regard, it has become the dominant tree
species in the Houston region accounting for over 152 million trees. It makes up nearly 80
percent of all trees in the South Agriculture/Range cover and 13 to 19 percent of trees in the
Forest cover types.
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Houston's Regional Forest - Tots to the Region's Forest • Page 2 of 3
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Land Cover Changes -1992 to 2000
Urban development and other human activities in the Houston region have had significant
effects on the regional forest's extent and composition. The current study compared
LANDSAT satellite data for 2000 and U.S. Geological Survey land cover data for 1992 to
estimate land cover changes that occurred over this more recent eight-year period.
1992 Riju CHANGE CHANGE
r y,
3,846 6,0 2%
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-
14
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The Forest land cover types declined by a total of 17.4 percent, an annual loss of 2.2 percent.
The Agriculture/Range lands stayed roughly the same with the expansion of Residential and
Urban Built land cover accounting for most of the Forest land cover loss. The land cover
changes had a dramatic effect on the total number of trees, with an estimate loss of over 78
million or roughly 10 million trees per year.
http://www.houstonregionalforest.org/Report/Page07 7/1/2008